Lesson 11	Overloading I/O operators
Objective	Reference to stream needed when overloading I/O operators.

Overloading I/O Operators

Explain why using a reference to a stream is needed when overloading the input/output operators.
In keeping with the spirit of OOP, it is important to overload << and >> to output and input user-defined types as well as native types. The operators << and >> have two arguments:

an ostream& istream& respectively

Overloading input-output Operators

Output is returned to an object of type ostream as described in iostream.h. The operator << is overloaded in this class to perform output conversions from standard types. The operator is left associative and returns a value of type ostream&. The standard output ostream corresponding to stdout is cout.
The class ostream contains public members such as:

ostream& operator<<(int i);
ostream& operator<<(long i);
ostream& operator<<(double x);
ostream& operator<<(char c);
ostream& operator<<(const char* s);
ostream& put(char c);
ostream& write(const char* p, int n);
ostream& flush();

The member function put outputs the character representation of c. The member function write outputs the string of length n pointed at by p. The member function flush forces the stream to be written, and since these are member functions, they can be used as follows:

int c = 'A';
cout.put(c);     //output A
cout.put(66);    //output B ASCII value 66
cout.put(c + 2); //output C
char* str = 'ABCDEFGHI';
cout.write(str + 2, 3);  //output CDE
cout.flush();  //write contents of buffered stream

C++ input Class istream

Input is returned to an object of type istream as described in iostream.h. The operator >> is overloaded in this class to perform input conversions from standard types. The operator is left associative and returns a value of type istream&. The standard input istream corresponding to stdin is cin.
The effect of executing a simple input statement, such as cin >> x >> i; is to read from standard input (normally the keyboard) a value for x and then a value for i. White space is ignored.
The class istream contains public members such as:

istream& operator>>(int& i);
istream& operator>>(long& i);
istream& operator>>(double& x);
istream& operator>>(char& c);
istream& operator>>(char* s);
istream& get(char& c);
istream& get(char* s, int n, char c = '\n');
istream& getline(char* s, int n, char c = '\n');
istream& read(char* s, int n);

The member function get(char& c) inputs the character representation to c, white-space characters included.
The member function

get(char* s, int n, char c = '\n')

inputs at most n characters into the string pointed at by s, up to the specified delimiter character c or an end-of-file. The member function getline() works like get(char* s, int n, char c = '\n') except it discards rather than keeps the delimiter character in the designated istream. The member function read(char* s, int n) inputs at most n characters into the string pointed at by s.
Since these are member functions, they can be used as follows:

cin.get(c);           //one character
cin.get(s, 40);       //length 40 or terminated by '\n'
cin.get(s, 10, '*')   //length 10 or terminated by *
cin.getline(s, 40)    //same as get but '\n' is discarded

Reference to a Stream

The ADT and the operators must produce an ostream& or an istream& respectively.
Whenever overloading << or >>, you want to use a reference to a stream and return a reference to a stream because you do not want to copy a stream object.

Overloading operator << is similar to overloading operator+ since they are both binary operators, except that the parameter types are different.
Consider the expression cout << cPoint.
Question: If the operator is <<, what are the operands?
Answer: The left operand is the cout object, and the right operand is your Point class object.
cout is actually an object of type ostream. Therefore, the overloaded function will look like this:

friend ostream& operator<< (ostream &out, Point &cPoint);

Implementation of operator<< is fairly straightforward, because C++ already knows how to output doubles using operator<<, and our members are all doubles, we can simply use operator<< to output the member variables of our Point. Here is the above Point class with the overloaded operator<<.